厕所是由各种昵称所指的，但是无论您的房子里叫什么，都无可否认，它是任何占用位置上最重要的设备之一。实际上，很难想象建筑物作为营业地点或住所，而在每个楼层至少没有一个厕所。
尽管如此，大多数人还是出于明显的原因，大多数人都不舒服地思考厕所。毕竟，厕所照顾人类废物，这导致了细菌和恶臭的含义。这么多公共洗手间的不洁气氛几乎没有用“厕所”一词所震撼的心理图像。然而，除了所有这些方面，厕所都是工程学的奇迹，使世界各地的人们更轻松，更卫生。
对于初学者来说，大多数厕所由两个主要隔间组成：
- 这个碗- 排入虹吸管，顶部是马桶座。
- 坦克– placed against the wall like the back of a chair, and features the flush handle. The tank contains the following parts: fill valve, flush valve, overflow tube and flapper.
那么厕所如何工作？厕所冲洗时，发生以下情况：
- 链条将挡板升起，并将新鲜的坦克水释放到碗中。
- 重力将肮脏的水从S诱捕物中拉入下水道或化粪池管道。
- Once the toilet tank is empty, the flapper shuts and the fill valve activates.
- 水箱充满了干净的水，这些水通过阀的底部，穿过补充管，然后通过溢流管向下向下。
- 碗水与水箱中的水同时升起。一旦到达填充线，阀门就关闭，冲洗停止。
碗虹吸
A toilet will flush even without the components of a tank. All that's really needed to make water go up the siphon is more water. For example, if you were to remove the tank from your toilet, the bowl itself could still do the job of taking waste to the sewer. The thing that actually makes a toilet flush in the first place is the curve of the siphon — the tank and handle merely make the whole process easier.
In case you can't imagine how a toilet bowl could flush itself without the presence of a tank, there's a simple experiment with which you can witness the wonders of the toilet's unique design:
将一杯高的水倒入厕所中，看着水位是否上升。注意它是如何没有的。那是因为添加的水已经在虹吸管上散发了水位。您可以一次又一次地尝试，但仍然相同。虹吸设定了碗在任何给定时间将储存多少水的限制。
现在尝试一些不同的东西。将一个充满水的大炊具倒入厕所，看看会发生什么。这次，尽管您甚至没有拉动手柄，但碗做一个成熟的冲洗。发生这种情况时，这是因为虹吸管已经填满了所有，这会导致虹吸管从碗里吸取所有水。当所有这些发生时，虹吸管充满了空气，并听到了明显的冲洗声音。
冲洗机制
正如水壶实验中所示的那样，厕所将在没有水箱的情况下冲洗。实际上，您甚至不需要自来水才能使锅冲洗。几个加仑的包装水供应可以充分解决问题。问题是，如果您每次去洗手间，您都必须用水装满水锅，这一切都会变得很累。因此，厕所配备了储罐，这些储罐充当自动水壶 - 发送和收集水并为您留出麻烦。
当人们了解潮红的发生方式时，有一个问题常常想到：为什么坦克必须如此大？水龙头大小的流不够吗？答案是不。例如，与水槽相同的水的水吐水不会产生足够的速度或压力来激活虹吸管，例如存储在厕所罐中的水。
这是马桶罐的目的。他们的工作是一次存放加仑的水，然后将其全部放入手柄被拉动的几秒钟内。多亏了所有这些水力，就可以在每次冲洗的几秒钟内神奇地消失在厕所里的众多东西（食物，纸巾，废物等）。
坦克的内部运作构成了厕所最复杂的部分。然而，大多数情况下，人们处理的坦克唯一部分是手柄，该手柄在内部连接到链接到冲洗阀的链条。
When the handle is pulled, the chain gets tugged, which in turn opens the valve. The opening of the valve exposes a hole — two to three inches in diameter — through which water pours into the bowl. The water comes down from the inner-rim, and most of it goes out the siphon jet, taking all the waste in the process. Because of the speed and pressure at which this occurs, the siphon is instantly activated — just as it would be with a full bucket of water.
The Refill Mechanism
如您现在所知，当足够的水充满碗以触发虹吸管时，就会发生冲洗。坦克的功能是在30秒内通过碗发送足够的水（大约两加仑），以使手柄的拉力齐平。一旦供水从水箱中排出，冲洗阀关闭，因此可以收集新的水以进行下一个冲洗。这是补充机制在过程中履行其作用的地方。
补充机制配备了激活供水的阀。同时，整个过程都由浮子球表示，当储罐清空时，该过程将降至半桅杆，然后一旦储罐完全填充，然后将其升至填充阀。在发生这种情况的同时，水也沿着溢流管驶入以重新填充碗。
The float ball — also known as the filler valve — and the overflow tube work together during this process to keep the water level even. The former lets the fill valve know when to start and stop loading water, while the overflow tube directs excess water to the right places. If the float ball comes detached and the tank starts to load water continuously, the overflow tube will redirect excess volumes of water into the bowl to prevent the tank from overflowing. When a flush never seems to end, it's often due to an issue along these lines.
厕所的历史
最早的已知厕所可以追溯到公元前2800年，在清洁时代。这一时期最先进的厕所设计的遗迹是在巴基斯坦现代信德省的Mohenjo-Daro考古遗址中找到的，那里是用砖块建造的，由木制座椅组成。这些厕所连接到向下的溜槽，将废物释放到污水台中。但是，这些厕所的使用仅限于上层阶级。其他所有人都必须蹲。同样在第三个千年中，印度西北部的人们的厕所里有水水流入砖砌的排水沟中。
In the Neolithic settlement of Skara Brae on the Scottish island of Orkney, houses built between 3100 BC and 2500 BC contained toilets with running water that connected to cubicle-covered drains. Early during the second millennium, toilets became a part of life in Minoan Crete, Egypt. In recent years, archeologists have uncovered the remains of what is believed to be a latrine-style toilet in Viet Nam that dates from around 1500 BC.
在中世纪，上层阶级使用的厕所被称为Garderobes。Garderobe由一个平板木板组成，中间有一个孔。在大多数城堡中，面板都放在对面的墙壁之间，距卧室的区域。每个Garderobe都连接到溜槽，该滑道释放到外部庄园。
在古罗马和希腊，平民使用了室内盆，这些室被放置在城市街道上的插座中。室锅的尺寸和形状变化，但通常由陶瓷或金属制成。该设计的发展了几个世纪，在此期间，室内锅被进口到中东，并由铜和中国制成。
在发明冲洗厕所之前，将室锅用作夜间废物存储库，而“夜行”（通常称为废物）在黎明时被分配。尽管在过去几个世纪中，该设计通常在发达国家被放弃，但它在英国监狱以及医院卧床的形式中一直在使用。
The 16th century witnessed vast population growth throughout the cities of Europe, which spurred the development of cesspits in urban areas. In order to account for the fact that rain could no longer remove the vast amounts of human waste that was now being produced, a new system was developed in which latrines and cesspools were connected via pipes. Workers would clean out these cesspools with shovels every night, and then cart off the hard remains, which would subsequently be used as fertilizer.
For the remainder of the waterless-toilet era, waste was recycled into agriculture in a manner similar to the animal kingdom. During the early 1800s, health officials were debating on whether it was really sanitary to recycle human waste. By the middle of the 19th century, cesspools were being replaced by modern-day sewage systems in most major cities. As this was happening, plumbing for sinks, tubs and toilets also became commonplace in houses and apartment buildings.
The flush toilet that people use today was first developed during the Industrial Revolution. Spurring this development was Scottish watchmaker Alexander Cummings, who advanced the capabilities of plumbing with his invention known as the S-trap in 1775. With this design, it was now possible to let waste drain from a toilet to the sewer because the sitting water within a bowl worked at blocking out sewage stench.
Flush toilets quickly became popular throughout the U.K., Europe and North America. One of the distinct innovations among U.S. engineers during the late 1800s was the chain-pull indoor toilet, which was used in upper-class homes and hotels prior to the flush toilet. A further innovation arrived at the turn of the century in the form of the Flushometer, which linked toilets to pressurized water and thus shortened the wait time between flushes.
Since that time, the standard flush toilet has reigned supreme throughout most of the world. Recent decades, however, have brought about significant developments in the design, and one of the most notable has been the Duoset cistern by Australian inventor Bruce Thompson. Featuring two buttons and flush levels, the Duoset has allowed users to在水上保存多达67％。
Prior to the spread of flush toilets, many prominent inventors and health officials promoted the use of dry earth closets, which were invented in the mid-19th century by clergyman Henry Moule. He sought to improve London's sanitation after two cholera outbreaks were caused by sewage buildup in the Thames.
他的设计灵感来自于1858年臭味中治疗患者的护理室使用的设施，这些设施从污水问题中达到顶峰。尽管它从未被普遍捕捉，但Moule的系统（他在1870年代的几项书面作品中都详细阐述了）在私人住宅，医院和军事哨所中已有多年的时间。
不同类型的厕所
厕所在多个大洲的数千年中都在发展。即使在今天，随着技术的改善，厕所设计仍在不断发展，用户要求更广泛的功能和功能。以下厕所类型代表了世界上最广泛使用和值得注意的设计：
Flush toilet– The most common toilet design throughout the developed world today is the flush toilet, which consists of a tank, a bowl, a seat, a lid and a siphon tube that leads to a drainage system. The siphon, with its upside-down U-shape, is one of the most beneficial designs of engineering because it keeps the level of water in the bowl consistent. In addition to flushing out waste and mitigating germs and odor, bowl water also locks out sewer gas from the drainage pipes. Most toilets drain into neighborhood sewers or septic tanks.
冲洗厕所最多可消耗27％的每日用水量in most households, though some of the newer models are designed to conserve water. Toilets with lower flush levels, for instance, reduce the amount of water consumed on an average day.
Another design that lowers water consumption is the dual-flush toilet, which allows a user to choose between liquid and hard-waste flushing. In some establishments, water is conserved by reusing gray water — the water from appliances like dishwashers and washing machines — in all on-premises toilets.
The majority of flush toilets around the world are made of porcelain, which consists of a clay and water mixture that's blazed at high temperatures. Most of the clay used is of kaolinite origin, but minerals like alabaster, feldspar, petuntse, quartz and steatite are also sometimes part of the makeup.
坑厕所- 坑厕所也被称为凹室，是一个临时的室外装置，可以从土壤中的沟渠到蹲式锅。坑厕所在农村地区和贫穷的发展中国家最常见。在许多情况下，坑厕所设置为紧急救济。当部署在远离常规管道系统的位置中时，陆军部队通常会使用坑厕所。出于卫生目的，需要将坑厕所与供应饮用水的溪流安全距离。然而，在第二次世界大战之前，坑经常在战区中放置不足，这导致疾病杀死了更多炸弹，枪支或坦克的士兵。
金库厕所- 一个无水隔间埋在地下的地下，在那里存储了硬废物并最终被钢管，但将液体废物排入土壤中。金库厕所通常放在一个小房子里。
干厕所- 没有水冲洗，干厕所采用各种设计。示例包括以下内容：
- Composting toilet – decomposes waste by adding carbon elements
- 冻结厕所 - 冻结废物的厕所
- Incinerating toilet – burns waste
- 凹坑 - 地面上的一个洞
- 树沼泽 - 将硬废物变成肥料
化学厕所– Standard in passenger vehicles such as airplanes and trains, chemical solutions are used in toilets in lieu of water due to the lack of a running water supply.
飞行厕所- 无罐厕所如何工作？当它全部放在袋子里时，您甚至不需要坦克。飞行的厕所根本不是一个真正的“厕所”，只是在非洲某些地方的一种习惯，人们将其排便成塑料袋，然后将袋子扔到尽可能远的地方。由于人类的废物和垃圾塑料积累在整个非洲大陆的某些地区，因此飞行的厕所实践导致了卫生问题。由于这些原因，现在在肯尼亚，坦桑尼亚和乌干达被禁止使用这种现象的塑料袋类型。
Portable toilet- 或者被称为Porta Pots，便携式厕所是单一单元，男女通用的设施，通常在偏远地区的建筑工地，县集市和其他户外活动中看到。便携式厕所之所以被命名，是因为它们易于通过卡车运输，并在需要的基础上临时在不同的位置设置。便携式外壳由塑料厕所，废物容器和可锁门组成。便携式厕所用化学消毒剂冲洗。每天清空插座，并定期清洗。
High-tech toilets– Today's tech-savvy and financially well off homeowners have the option of toilets that offer a host of advanced features, including auto-flush, bottom washers and dryers, noise concealers, deodorizers, automatic seat-sheet replacement and seat heaters. Some of the most high-tech units on the market, like Matsushita's Smart Toilet, offer basic health reports based on analysis of bodily waste.
Floating toilets- 浮动厕所是居住在土地空间有限的地区，社区通常容易遭受洪水且通常缺乏管道的人的替代品。在浮动厕所的情况下，废物被存储在坦克中，然后删除。一些单位甚至将液体废物转移到单独的系统中。
如何处理厕所问题
The toilet is one of the most important things you have in your home. Whether you live a house of one, two, three, four or any given number of people, there's a toilet that's probably used regularly when the house is occupied. Therefore, plumbing problems could be the cause of much inconvenience for everyone, regardless of whether such issues occur in the daytime, nighttime or on a weekend.
在整个锡拉丘兹地区，居民和企业能够放心，知道可以通过简单的电话全天候对水管问题进行补救，这是给大锡拉丘兹的Rooter Plumbing先生，该水管日至24/7提供紧急服务。vwin线上官网
大多数美国人都知道厕所具有简单而复杂的设计。因此，许多不同的东西可能与厕所发生故障，无论问题是由衣服的坦克部分还是湿透的虹吸管。有时，问题归结为滥用，而在其他情况下，这是纯粹的技术事故。在任何一种情况下，至关重要的是要在双重方面获得专业帮助，以纠正此事并将厕所恢复到其最佳工作功能。几十年来，Rooter水暖先生的许可水管工在Onondaga县的房屋，公寓和vwin线上官网办公楼提供了当天的厕所维修。
不要让厕所问题在您的一天中抽筋。当您的厕所功能出现问题时，call the plumbing experts at Mr. Rooter Plumbing。